CONTENTS
NOTICE
The purpose of this publication is provide basic information only within the confines of the material covered. The acceptance of this publication by any person or entity is accompanied with the understanding that the authors and/or publishers are not giving legal, technical, medical, or any other type of consulting advice. This publication is not a substitute for direct professional consultation. Legal, technical, or medical advice regarding exposure to safety and health risks should be obtained from qualified professionals.
This information is not meant to be comprehensive or authoritative. Both typographical and content errors may exist. This document should not be relied upon as the sole source of information regarding the assessment of home safety and health hazards.
The intent of this publication is to inform. The authors and/or publishers accept no liability nor responsibility to any person, persons, or entity with regard to any loss or damage of any kind allegedly caused by information or omission of information from this publication.
There is no warranty, guarantee nor representation (express or implied) with respect to the usefulness or effectiveness of any information, method, or process disclosed in this publication.
Telephone numbers, physical and internet addresses for various government agencies and other entities are provided for convenience and may be changed without warning. Consumers should contact these sources directly to obtain detailed information regarding specific topics.
The modern home is composed of thousands of component parts, each resulting from the work of thousands of dedicated people. Home construction requires contributions by researchers, planners, manufacturers, designers, engineers, and tradesmen. For many families the home has become much more than shelter, evolving into a source of comfort, enjoyment, security, and entertainment. Advanced technologies have brought the home living environment to a level beyond anything our great-grandparents could have imagined. Technology has not only improved our living conditions and way of life, but has also given us insight regarding associated hazards, some previously unknown, and usually which we create ourselves. Today we face safety and health risks which were never experienced (or even known) to prior generations.
Safety and health considerations within the home have not always been of prime consideration. Due to growing awareness, many homebuyers and homeowners are searching for homes which afford improved safety and health. These concerns are becoming a greater part of the homebuyers' and homeowner's thought process. Will the presence of safety or environmental hazards have a negative impact on the health of the family or the value of the home? When hazards are identified and abated, will the process be manageably cost effective or alter the homeowner's lifestyle? These are prudent questions that all homebuyers and homeowners should investigate. As homebuyers or homeowners increase their knowledge of the home environment, their ability to make informed decisions also increases.
It is unrealistic to expect any home, old or new, to be free of all forms of potential hazards.
Prudent homebuyers and homeowners have many resources available to identify and remedy safety and health hazards which potentially threaten any home. Local, county, and state health departments, as well as numerous federal agencies and private entities are sources of such information. Many private inspection companies, environmental consulting companies and engineering firms offer services which are helpful in detecting the existence of potentially hazardous substances and conditions.
If your are in the homebuying process, the home inspector you have secured to inspect your home may be qualified or licensed to inspect in one or more categories. However, home inspectors are usually generalists and seek to identify visible deficiencies in a limited number of structural and mechanical components. More than one type of inspection may be necessary to provide you with information to make an informed decision. As a prudent homebuyer you should inform yourself of potential hazards which may affect your home, health and lifestyle.
According to National Safety Council statistics, accidents are the number one health hazard resulting in temporary and permanent disabilities to children. Accidents kill more children than the five leading fatal diseases combined. Our children are our most precious assets and good parents are motivated to give them the love and protection they deserve.
Due to the potential for serious injury or death which accidents can inflict, parents should be vigilant regarding existing and potential dangers to their children. Safety awareness and the implementation of preventative measures should play an important part of normal household activities. Safe living conduct, in which hazards have been manageably reduced and which children have been taught to recognize, may help to avoid injuries and save lives.
In case of injury, call emergency services (911) and give first aid until help arrives.
INDOORS
OUTDOORS
For detailed information concerning Child Safety contact:
U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission
Office of Information and Public Affairs
Washington, D.C. 20207
(800) 638-2772
http://www.cpsc.gov
American Academy of Pediatrics
141 Northwest Point Blvd.
Elk Grove Village, Illinois 60007
Disaster may strike quickly and without warning. These events are frightening enough for adults, but they can be traumatic for children if they don't know what to do. Children easily become anxious, confused or frightened. Adults need to cope with the disaster in a way that will help children avoid developing a permanent sense of loss. It is important to give guidance that will help them reduce their fears.
Children depend on daily routines. When emergencies or disasters interrupt this routine, children may become anxious. When frightened, they look to parents and other adults for help. How you react to an emergency gives them clues on how to act. If you react with alarm, a child may become more scared. They see our fear as proof that the danger is real. If you seem overcome with a sense of loss, a child may feel his or her loss more strongly.
Children's fears also may stem from their imagination, and you should take these feelings seriously. A child who feels afraid is afraid. Your words and actions can provide reassurance. When talking with your child, be sure to present a realistic picture that is both honest and manageable. Life will return to "normal." Your response during this time may have a lasting impact.
CHILDREN'S FEARS AFTER AN EMERGENCY OR DISASTER
You can create a Family Disaster Plan by taking a few simple steps. First, learn what hazards exist in your community and how to prepare for each. Then meet with your family to discuss what you would do, as a group, in each situation. Next, take steps to prepare your family for disaster.
RECOVERY
You can help children cope by understanding what causes their anxieties and fears. Reassure them with firmness and love. Your children should realize that life will eventually return to normal. Consider getting assistance from a mental health specialist or a member of the clergy.
For info on Emergency Preparation contact your local, county or state emergency management agency, or:
Federal Emergency Management Agency
P.O. Box 70274
Washington, D.C. 20024
http://www.fema.gov/
American Red Cross
P.O. Box 37243
Washington, D.C. 20013
(800) HELP-NOW
http://redcross.org
Disasters and emergencies strike quickly and without warning. They can force you to evacuate your neighborhood or confine you to your home. What would you do if basic services (water, gas, electricity or telephones) were cut off? Local officials and relief workers will be on the scene after a disaster, but they cannot reach everyone right away.
Families can cope with disaster by preparing in advance and working together as a team. Knowing what to do is your best protection and your responsibility. Where will your family be when disaster strikes? They could be anywhere – work, school or in the car. How will you find each other? Will you know if your children are safe? The following steps will help to create your family's disaster plan.
FIND OUT WHAT COULD HAPPEN TO YOU
Contact your local emergency management office or American Red Cross chapter--be prepared to take notes.
CREATE A DISASTER PLAN
DISASTER CHECKLIST
__ Post emergency telephone numbers by phones (fire, police, ambulance, etc.).
__ Teach children how and when to call 911 or your local emergency services number for help.
__ Show each family member how and when to turn off the water, gas and electricity at the main switches.
__ Check if you have adequate insurance coverage.
__ Keep, and teach each family member to use, an ABC-type fire extinguisher.
__ Install smoke detectors on each level of your home, especially near bedrooms.
__ Stock emergency supplies and assemble a Disaster Supplies Kit.
__ Take a Red Cross first aid and CPR class.
__ Determine the best escape routes from your home. Find two ways out of each room.
__ Find the safe spots in your home for each type of disaster.
PRACTICE AND MAINTAIN YOUR PLAN
EMERGENCY SUPPLIES
Keep enough supplies in your home to meet your needs for at least three days. Assemble a Disaster Supplies Kit with items you may need in an evacuation. Store these supplies in sturdy, easy-to-carry containers.
UTILITIES
Locate utility disconnects. Learn how and when to turn these utilities off. Teach all responsible family members. Keep necessary tools nearby. Turn off the utilities only upon instruction or if you suspect damage.
NEIGHBORS HELPING NEIGHBORS
Working with neighbors can save lives and property. Meet with your neighbors to plan how the neighborhood could work together until help arrives. If you're a member of a neighborhood organization, introduce disaster preparedness as a new activity. Know your neighbors' special skills (e.g., medical, technical) and consider how you could help neighbors who have special needs, such as disabled and elderly persons. Make plans for child care in case parents can't get home.
EVACUATION
WHEN DISASTER STRIKES
For information about Disaster Planning contact your local, county or state emergency management agency, your local chapter of the American Red Cross, or:
Federal Emergency Management Agency
P.O. Box 70274
Washington, D.C. 20024
http://fema.gov
The American Red Cross
P.O. Box 37243
Washington, D.C. 20013
(800) HELP-NOW
http://redcross.org
The United States has one of the highest fire death rates in the world. Fire, in the form of flames and smoke, is the second leading cause of accidental death in the home and can strike any home suddenly and without warning. Preparing fire evacuation plans, conducting fire drills and installing fire detection devices may help to avoid injury or death in the event of a fire emergency. Being aware and knowing how to identify and correct common causes of fire hazards may help decrease the potential for fires and fire-related injuries.
DO:
DON'T:
For information concerning home Fire Safety contact your local fire department, or:
U.S. Fire Administration
P.O. Box 70274
Washington, D.C. 20024
The National Fire Protection Association
1 Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101
Quincy, MA 02269-9101
http://www.nfpa.org
The electrical system of the home provides many comforts and conveniences that are often taken for granted. With its everyday use we usually forget the potential hazards that exist or that we may create. An electrical system which is neglected or misused can be very dangerous, causing fire, electrical shock or death by electrocution.
DISCONNECT
The main disconnect, if provided, may be located indoors or outdoors at the main electrical panel or the meter. The disconnect may be a main service disconnect breaker, main fuse block, or main circuit breaker. Identify the main disconnect for emergency use.
SERVICE PANELS
FIXTURES
SWITCHES AND OUTLETS
APPLIANCES
EXTENSION CORDS
POWER LINE DANGERS
HAZARD SIGNS
A Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) is an electrical device which is designed to detect loss or leakage of electrical current when installed on a particular circuit. The GFCI compares supply and return current, opening the circuit almost instantaneously if the measurement indicates current loss. In the event electrical current flowing is flowing through a person to an external ground, the device stops the flow of current, usually avoiding serious injury or electrocution. GFCI's are available in the form of circuit breakers, receptacles and plug-in models for both grounded (3-wire) and ungrounded (2-wire) circuits.
In certain locations of the home conducive conditions can exist for electrical shock hazards. Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters are required in the following locations:
Any electrical outlet or appliance used in close proximity to moisture must be protected by a GFCI.
TESTING
It is imperative that the GFCI is regularly checked for proper operation. If the device has malfunctioned it WILL NOT provide protection. To check the GFCI, push the "TEST" button. The device should "trip" and open the circuit disconnecting power. Use a test indicator or appliance to ensure the circuit has been disconnected. To restore power, push the "RESET" button.
If your home does not have Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters in required locations, consult a qualified electrician about installing this protection.
According to research obtained by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), homes wired with "old technology" aluminum wire are 55 times more likely to have one or more electrical connections reach "fire hazard conditions" than a home with copper wiring. Homes built, remodeled or having had changes made to electrical wiring between 1965 and 1973 may contain "old technology" aluminum wiring. Hazards associated with "old technology" aluminum wiring occur at outlets, switches, or at major appliances such as ovens, ranges, dishwashers and furnaces. Signs of trouble include warm-to-the touch face plates, flickering lights, non-functioning circuits and the smell of burning insulation, although, connections have been reported to fail without prior warning.
The optimum method of eliminating the risks associated with old technology wiring terminations is to eliminate the wire itself, replacing the existing system with a new copper wire branch circuit system. Excessive costs and impracticality, due to certain construction methods, may prohibit this alternative.
Another alternative, which is cost effective, is known as the "crimp connector repair method". It consists of power crimping a piece of copper wire to the existing aluminum wire branch circuit with a specially designed metal sleeve. An insulation sleeve is then placed around the crimp connection to complete the repair making a permanent connection. This method is called the "COPALUM" crimp connection repair.
WARNING
Other aluminum wiring repair methods are often used and recommended by electricians. These include:
(1) "Pigtailing" involves attaching a short piece of copper wire to the aluminum wire with a twist-on connector sometimes called a wire nut; the copper wire is connected to the switch, wall outlet or other termination device. The Commission staff has evaluated the effectiveness of "pigtailing" as a repair. In CPSC-sponsored laboratory testing some brands of twist-on connectors have performed very poorly. Over time, substantial numbers of these connectors have overheated in laboratory tests. Surveys of and statements made by electricians and electrical inspectors confirm the highly variable and often poor performance of these connectors when used with old technology aluminum wire. It is possible that some pigtailing "repairs" made with twist-on connectors may be even more prone to failure than the original aluminum wire connections. Accordingly, the CPSC believes that this method of repair does not solve the problem of overheating present in aluminum branch circuits.
(2) Use of switches and outlets labeled "CO/ALR". by Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL). UL lists these devices especially for use with aluminum wire, although they can be used with copper or copper-clad wire. CO/ALR devices perform better with aluminum wire when installed carefully and according to best electrical practices than do the types of switches and outlets usually used in the original installations of old technology aluminum branch circuit wiring. However, CO/ALR connectors are not available for all parts of the wiring system (for example, for permanently-wired appliances and ceiling mounted light fixtures). In the opinion of the Commission staff CO/ALR devices must be considered to be, at best, an incomplete repair. Further, CO/ALR wiring devices have failed in laboratory tests when connected to aluminum wire typical of that installed in existing homes. The test conditions simulated actual use conditions; no "overstress" type of testing was used.
Most varieties of crimp connectors cannot be used to repair aluminum wiring.
There are many types and brands of crimp connectors available, but only one manufacturer of the special connectors and equipment is recommended by the Consumer Product Safety Commission. Installers require special training and tools to install these devices.
For information concerning Electrical Safety or the "COPALUM" retermination program contact:
U. S. Consumer Product Safety Commission
Office of Information and Public Affairs
Washington, DC 20207
(800) 638-CPSC
http://www.cpsc.gov
Gas-fired appliances are efficient and cost effective means for cooking, heating and supplying hot water. Properly cared for, gas systems and appliances are safe and reliable but if improperly used or neglected can cause toxic fume, asphyxiation, fire and/or explosion hazards. The importance of proper use and maintenance cannot be overemphasized.
SUPPLY DISCONNECT
Locate, identify, and learn to use the main gas shut-off valve in case of emergency. It will typically be found at, or close to, the meter To shut off the gas supply, close the valve by turning the flat handle perpendicular to the supply pipe. If the gas has been shut off because of a problem, allow the gas company to reconnect supply to ensure there are no continuing safety problems.
ON-SITE STORAGE (Propane or Liquefied Petroleum Gas)
For information concerning Gas System Safety contact your Local Gas Company Representative.
In case of Emergency contact your local fire department, Emergency System Services (911) and the Gas Company.
It is important that homeowners understand the type and intended use their fireplace or stove. Even well-built and properly-installed equipment, when used inappropriately, becomes a risk to the home and its occupants. All-metal, "zero-clearance" or "factory-built" fireplaces are usually not intended to serve as sources for space heating. Gas-fired artificial logs are a preferred option for these units. Masonry fireplaces are only as good as the mason who built them and the homeowner(s) who has maintained them. A complete inspection by a qualified specialist, including removal of the chimney crown and verification of the smoke chamber should be part of any homebuyer's purchase decision. For more information on Fireplace Safety contact a qualified chimneysweep, your local fire department, or: U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission
Office of Information and Public Affairs
Washington, DC 20207
(800) 638-CPSC
http://www.cpsc.gov
6021 Industrial Drive, Suite 8
Gaithersburg, MD 20877
(800) 536-0118
http://www.csia.org
The plumbing system of the home is divided into two separate and distinct subsystems for distribution and conveyance of potable and nonpotable water. The potable water system supplies a fresh source of hot and cold water for cooking, drinking, bathing, and cleaning while the non-potable water system provides drainage and disposal of the septic by-products of these activities.
Neglect and improper use of the plumbing systems can cause unnecessary need for repairs and in some cases system damage and health hazards. If you suspect a problem or are in doubt of a particular components operability, consult a master plumber. Remember, your plumbing system is most important for providing sanitary conditions in the home.
WATER SUPPLY
SUPPLY DISCONNECTS
Location of the main shut off valve for the water supply is typically found at or close to the water meter. To shut the water supply off, turn the handle of the valve clockwise until it stops. If no main valve is provided the only option will be to shut the water off at the curb cock which is the supplier's valve on the street side of the meter.
If the water is supplied by a private on-site well, locate the shut off valve at the well head or near the supply tank. The valve should be on the house side of the supply line from the tank. To shut the water off, turn the handle of the valve clockwise until it stops.
WATER HEATER
In the typical home hot water is supplied by either an electric or gas fired water heater Most water heaters require only a modest amount of attention to ensure continuous and safe performance.
SEWAGE DRAINS
SEPTIC TANKS
Septic tanks should be pumped clean when solids reach 2/3's of the liquid depth of the tank. Leave this job to the professionals as septic tank wastes must be disposed of according to state health regulations.
Most people take for granted and give little thought to the source of our drinking water, its overall quality, and its vulnerability to contamination. Advanced methods of analysis, greater health and environmental awareness, and increased reports of drinking water contamination have contributed to a greater scrutiny regarding drinking water quality. Water is much more than a simple liquid. Chemists refer to water as the "universal solvent" because of its ability to dissolve and convey other compounds (or pollutants).
The U.S. Center for Disease Control reports an approximate annual average of 7500 cases of illness, associated with drinking water caused by contamination. The actual figures are probably higher because water contaminations are often unreported and are rarely considered when diagnosing or treating illness.
Surface water and groundwater are the main sources for our drinking water. Surface water contains plant and animal life including bacteria and algae. It is easily contaminated by sewage and synthetic chemicals. Groundwater generally contains a low percentage of animal and plant life but has higher levels of dissolved minerals such as iron, sulphur and salts. In-ground water contamination can occur when hazardous chemicals, such as pesticides, fertilizers and improperly disposed of consumer products percolate through the soil into underground water supplies. Damaged or improperly operating private septic systems, municipal sewer systems, or improperly managed industrial by-products can also contribute to ground water contamination. Landfills, injection wells, surface impoundments, mining wastes, and underground pipelines and storage tanks all contribute to this problem.
Since 1977, federal law has required water suppliers to periodically. sample and test the water supplied to homes. The Safe Water Drinking Act (SDWA) Amendments of 1986 require the EPA to regulate some eighty potential contaminants, including: Inorganic Chemicals, Microbiological Contaminants, Organic Chemicals, Radionuclide Contaminants, Volatile Organic Chemicals and Turbidity.
WATER SUPPLY QUALITY
If the home has a public water supply source, federal law requires the provider to correct any contamination problems. The only way to know whether or not the water in a home is contaminated is to have it analyzed. When tests reveal that a drinking water standard has been violated, the supplier must correct the situation, notify the consumer and report the violation to the appropriate state agency.
If the home is supplied with water from its own private well, laboratory testing of a drawn sample is the only way to determine water quality. Decontamination costs depend on the kinds and amounts of contaminants present. Some wells are not feasible to decontaminate. Local environmental and water guality officials may be able to provide additional information and assistance for decontamination. If you suspect contaminated well water, or prior to buying a home you wish to test water quality, contact local, county, or state health officials for information about testing services.
For information concerning Water Quality contact your local, county, or state health department, or:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401M Street, S.W.
Washington, DC 20460
(202) 475-7751
http://www.epa.gov
Safe Drinking Water Hotline (800) 426-4791
Thunderstorms are formed from a combination of moisture, rapidly rising warm air and a force capable of lifting air upward, such as a weather front or geographical features. In an average year there are 100,000 thunderstorms in the United States, producing lightning, heavy rain, wind, hail and tornadoes. Lightning causes more injuries than any other weather-related hazard. Hail can be smaller than a pea or larger than a softball, causing tremendous damage to vehicles, buildings, crops and livestock. Tornadoes are small but violent, twisting storms with wind speeds approaching 300 miles per hour.
Some thunderstorms can be seen approaching, while others hit without warning. It is important to learn and recognize the danger signs and to plan ahead. Dark, towering clouds and distant lightning and thunder may indicate a storm approaching. A greenish tint in the sky usually indicates hail formation. Tornadoes are often preceded by hail, brief reductions in wind speed, visible debris and/or funnel clouds. Flash floods usually occur with no warning.
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE WATCHES AND WARNINGS
A watch means conditions are right for dangerous weather. For events that come and go quickly, such as severe thunderstorms, tornadoes or flash floods, a watch means that the odds are good for the dangerous weather, but it's not yet happening. For longer-lived events, such as hurricanes or winter storms, a watch means that the storm isn't an immediate threat. For both types, a watch means you should keep up with the weather and be ready to act. When a severe thunderstorm, tornado or flash flood watch is in effect, it means you should watch the sky for signs of dangerous weather. Hurricane or winter storm watches mean it's time to prepare by stocking up on emergency supplies and making sure you know what to do if a warning is issued. For those who live near the ocean, a hurricane watch may mean it's time to prepare for evacuation.
A warning means that the dangerous weather is threatening the area. For severe thunderstorms, tornadoes and flash floods, a warning means the event is occurring. A tornado warning means be ready to take shelter immediately if there are any indications a tornado is approaching. Severe thunderstorms are larger, and a warning means to prepare for the storm. A hurricane warning means either evacuate or move to safe shelter. A winter storm warning means not to venture out or travel.
Sometimes a severe thunderstorm, a tornado or a flash flood happens so quickly that warnings can't be issued in time. People who live near streams that quickly reach flood levels should be ready to flee at the first signs of a flash flood.
Mobile homes and "manufactured housing" are particularly vulnerable to severe thunderstorms and tornadoes. If a tornado approaches, take shelter in a strong building. If not available, lie in a ditch or low-lying area a safe distance away from the unit.
HOMEBUYERS
Find out if prospective properties lie in flood plains. If so, investigate and understand the special insurance and construction requirements for housing in flood plains.
For information about Storm and Flood Safety contact your local emergency management agency, or:
Federal Emergency Management Agency
P.O. Box 70274
Washington, D.C. 20024
(800) 480-2520
http://www.fema.gov
With increased awareness of the necessity for energy conservation. homeowners and builders alike have been taking greater measures to reduce the migration of conditioned air from the interior of homes. Tightly sealing the house results in lower ventilation rates and less air changes, thereby reducing heating and cooling costs. Although this is a good energy conservation policy, the practice can lead to higher concentrations of air pollutants within the home and as a result can cause uncomfortable, malodorous and/or unhealthy conditions.
Indoor air pollutants include dioxides, respirable suspended particles, tobacco smoke and volatile organic compounds. Carbon dioxide and nitrogen dioxide are gaseous compounds produced as a result of incomplete combustion. Health effects of carbon dioxide include fatigue and shortness of breath at moderate concentrations; headaches, dizziness, nausea and impaired vision and coordination at high concentrations; and coma or even death at very high concentrations. Health effects of nitrogen dioxide include eve, nose and throat irritation, respiratory problems and chronic lung diseases. Sources include wood burning appliances, unvented gas and kerosene space heaters, gas stoves and tobacco smoke.
Respirable Suspended Particles (RSP's) are minute particles which remain suspended in indoor air and can be inhaled into the respiratory system. Health effects include eye, nose, and throat irritations, respiratory infections, bronchitis and lung cancer. Sources of RSP's include organic dusts, tobacco smoke, unvented heating appliances, wood burning appliances, and dirty heating and air conditioning systems.
Tobacco smoke when contained indoors can be a major source of indoor air pollution emitting carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and respirable suspended particles. Health effects of tobacco smoke include allergic reactions, bronchitis. chest colds. ear infections. pneumonia, lung disease and lung cancer along with a number of nonapparent but associated adverse health effects.
Volatile organic compounds are organic chemical compounds capable of gassing or vaporizing at room temperatures and intermixing with indoor air Health effects include eye, nose and 33 throat irritation, nausea, headaches, and coordination loss at low concentrations; fatigue, memory impairment, mental confusion, and liver, kidney and nervous system damage at high concentrations or prolonged exposure.
OTHER INDOOR AIR POLLUTANTS
Other indoor air pollutants include asbestos, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, radon and biological pollutants. These are discussed in subsequent sections.
For information regarding Indoor Air Pollution contact:
U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission
Office of Information and Public Affairs
Washington, D.C. 20207
(800) 638-CPSC
http://www.cpsc.gov
American Lung Association
1740 Broadway
New York, N Y 10019-4374
Asbestos is a incombustible fibrous mineral form of impure magnesium silicate found in rocks and soil throughout the world. Asbestos has been used for fireproofing building materials because it is strong, durable, fire retardant, and an efficient insulator. Asbestos and asbestos containing materials (ACM's) have been used to manufacture a variety of products, such as floor coverings. ceiling tiles, siding tiles. roofing shingles, insulation, soundproofing and fire retardant materials for heating and electrical systems.
Asbestos has been identified as a carcinogen or potential cancer causing agent. When inhaled, airborne particles of asbestos fibers become lodged in the lungs attaching to lung tissue and as repeated exposures occur over time, concentration levels rise. Statistical information indicates asbestos has caused cancer of the lungs and stomach among those who have been subjected to extended work related exposure. Health risks and effects of low exposure within the home are not fully known; however, experts are unable to provide assurance that any level of exposure to asbestos fibers is safe. Health risks can be present when age, damage, cleaning, construction, remodeling or other activities cause microscopic asbestos particles to be released into the air. Asbestos fibers can cling to unprotected skin, clothing and interior surfaces.
According to the EPA, most homes built after the mid-1970's probably do not contain products manufactured with asbestos materials. If the home was built or remodeled prior to the mid-1970's, it most likely will contain some asbestos materials. Suspect areas where asbestos is found include: Pipes and furnaces (insulating jackets and sheathing); vinyl and linoleum flooring materials; ceiling tiles; exterior roofing, shingles and siding; wallboard; mixed with other materials; troweled or sprayed around pipes. ducts, and beams; patching compounds or textured paints; and door gaskets on stoves, furnaces and ovens.
If you suspect any material contains asbestos, have it inspected by a qualified professional. The asbestos inspector will know where to look for asbestos, how to take samples properly, and what corrective actions will be the most effective. Also, the product manufacturer may be able to provide information based on the model number and age of the product, regarding asbestos content. If ACM's are found to exist, it should be determined whether they are in good condition with no physical damage or deterioration.
An asbestos risk assessment may recommend:
(1) Do nothing other than regular inspections
(2) Abatement by enclosure or encapsulation. Or,
(3) Abatement by total removal.
The immediate necessity of abatement is determined by the location, usage, type, and condition of the material.
The repair or removal of asbestos or ACM's from a home is generally a complex and time consuming process depending on the amount present, the percentage contained, and how the asbestos product was manufactured. Total removal of even small amounts is usually the last alternative. Contact local, state, or federal health departments before deciding on a course of action. To ensure safety and elimination of health hazards caused by asbestos, repair or removal should be performed only by properly trained contractors.
Your EPA regional office can provide information on qualified asbestos contractors and laboratories.
For information regarding Asbestos and ACM's contact your local, county, or state Health Department, or:
Toxic Substances Information Service Hotline (202) 554-1404
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Public Information Center
401 M Street S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
http://www.epa.gov
The Environmental Information Association
1777 N.E. Expressway, Suite 150
Atlanta, GA 30329-2440
(404) 633-2622
Often called "the silent killer," carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, and highly poisonous gas formed by the incomplete combustion of carbon or carbon compounds. The gas is produced whenever fuel does not burn completely during the combustion process.
Low levels of carbon monoxide are often present in the environment and typically do not warrant concern. However, exposure to abnormally high levels or even moderate levels for prolonged periods of time can result in illness or possibly death. Carbon monoxide disables and kills by displacing the body's ability to absorb oxygen. Without adequate oxygen, major body organs are unable to function properly.
Concentrations of health-threatening carbon monoxide can be released from any (also faulty or improperly used) fuel burning appliance. Sources include gas ovens and ranges; charcoal grills; kerosene lamps; gas and kerosene space heaters; gas furnaces; gas-fired water heaters; wood burning stoves and fireplaces. The most threatening situations occur when carbon monoxide levels rise in enclosed areas within the home, such as habitable rooms and garages. Note: Statistics indicate that the majority of people who die in fire-related accidents usually die from asphyxiation by carbon monoxide poisoning rather than from burns.
A dangerous aspect of carbon monoxide poisoning is the subtlety with which the gas affects the victim such that the victim may be unaware of the danger. Physical symptoms may include a severe headache, dizziness, fatigue, agitation, confusion, rapid breathing, chest pains, vomiting and fever. Since many of these symptoms are associated with common viruses, victims who experience symptoms may not recognize them as carbon monoxide poisoning. Symptoms are typically more pronounced and noticeable when the affected person awakes from sleep and subside rapidly upon introduction of an uncontaminated fresh air supply. In severe cases of carbon monoxide poisoning the victim totally succumbs to it's oxygen-depleting effects.
IF YOU SUSPECT CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING
For information concerning Carbon Monoxide Poisoning contact your personal physician.
For information regarding Carbon Monoxide Safety contact your local gas company, or:
U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission
Office of Information and Public Affairs
Washington, DC 20207
(800) 638-CPSC
http://www.cpsc.gov
Formaldehyde is a colorless, gaseous compound used in the production of building materials, consumer products and other chemicals and is one of the large family of chemicals called volatile organic compounds (VOC's). It is released into the air by the process of combustion and is released or emitted from materials manufactured with it Sources of formaldehyde include insulation, pressed wood products, tobacco smoke, consumer products such as cosmetics and paints, and unvented fuel burning appliances such as gas stoves and kerosene space heaters.
The most significant sources of formaldehyde are urea-formaldehyde foam insulation (UFFI), adhesives used to bond pressed wood building materials and in plywood used for interior and exterior construction. Urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins are found in wood products that are intended for indoor use. Phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins are used in products intended for exterior uses. UF resins emit significantly more formaldehyde gas than PF resins.
Formaldehyde has been shown to cause cancer in animals, but there is no conclusive evidence linking the chemical to cancer in humans. Individuals can be affected differently by the gas, some being very sensitive while others may have no noticeable reaction. Higher than normal levels of formaldehyde in the home environment can cause; asthma attacks; skin rashes; watery eyes; burning sensations in the eves, throat, and nose; breathing difficulties and allergic reactions. some individuals acquire a reduced tolerance to formaldehyde following an initial exposure to the chemical. In these cases, subsequent exposures to even small amounts of formaldehyde can cause reactions.
In the home, subflooring, wallboard or foam insulation between inner and outer walls may be sources of formaldehyde gas. If increased ventilation does not lower. these emissions to acceptable levels, the only abatement alternatives will be to enclose or encapsulate the material or to remove the formaldehyde bearing material altogether. In most cases, abatement procedures will be costly, time consuming, and temporarily disruptive to the occupants.
Buyers of new homes should consult with the builder prior to purchase if a family member is sensitive to the gas and the presence of formaldehyde containing materials is suspected. The builder should 31 be able to identify if construction materials contain formaldehyde by providing product labels or the information may be obtained directly from the manufacturers of specific products.
Regarding older homes, formaldehyde emitting materials may not be visually evident and the current owner may not have product information available. Because formaldehyde emissions from building materials decrease as the materials age (particularly over the first two or three years), older urea-formaldehyde building materials most probably will not be a significant source of formaldehyde gas emissions.
HOMEBUYERS
If you suspect the presence of formaldehyde, you may wish to hire a qualified inspector to examine the home for the presence of formaldehyde emitting materials. Also, home monitoring kits are currently available for testing formaldehyde levels. Prior to purchase, ensure that the testing device monitors for at least 24 hours to obtain a reasonable representative measurement. The methods used to reduce formaldehyde vapors or materials will depend on the situation present in your home. Your local, county or state health departments, or indoor air professional can help you select the appropriate abatement methods.
For information concerning Formaldehydes contact your local, county or state health department, or:
The Formaldehyde Institute
1330 Connecticut Ave., N.W. Suite 300
Washington, DC 20036-1702
Radon is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, and heavy gas emitted as a byproduct of uranium during its decaying process. Radon can be found in the atmosphere, soils, and ground water in varying quantities throughout the world. As the gas migrates from underground to the surface it can be absorbed by ground water and can accumulate and become entrapped under house foundations. If there is a source of entry into the home, radon gas can remain and circulation in enclosed areas.
Decay products of radon gas are microscopic radioactive particles. These particles can become suspended in the air and, as you inhale, attach to the tissues of the lungs. As the particles continue to decay, radiation energy is released which can cause tissue damage potentially resulting in lung cancer. Research indicates that the health risk ;k increases as the level of radon gas concentration and duration of exposure increases. It has been determined that short term exposure to higher concentrations does not present as much risk as prolonged inhalation of low concentrations of the gas. It is estimated that radon exposure leads to 7000 to 30,000 deaths per year.
The proportion of radon to air is measured in units of picocuries per liter of air (pC/L). Statistical estimates indicate that the average home will contain from one to two picocuries of radon per Iiter of air. If radon levels of four picocuries per liter of air or greater are found in habitable areas of the home it is recommended by the EPA that extended tests be conducted. The EPA has estimated the risk of dying from lung cancer as a result of exposure to an annual radon level of four picocuries is equal to the risk of smoking ten cigarettes a day or being exposed to 200 chest x-rays during one year. Outdoors, radon gas is not considered a problem. As the gas reaches the atmosphere it diffuses and is no longer considered a health threat.
Sources of radon within the home include contaminated well water and soils surrounding the foundation. As water is dispensed from shower heads and fixture taps, aeration of the water allows the gas to be released into the surrounding air Note Homes with water supplied from a municipal water supply are less likely to experience a radon contamination problem within the water due to special treatment procedures. Radon can also enter a home through cracks in concrete, plumbing traps, sub-grade wall and floor joints, and any porous construction material. Increases in the rate of migration can be caused by negative atmospheric pressure within the home. Radon, being a 38 heavier-than-air gas, will seek the areas of the home which are closest to the ground and concentration levels of the gas -will typically decrease at the higher elevations within the home. Contamination levels can vary from home to home depending on construction type and soil composition.
Inexpensive test kits, for preliminary testing, can be purchased at most hardware and grocery stores. Prior to buying the detection kit, ensure the kit and supplier have been approved by federal or state health, environmental health, or consumer protection agencies. Follow label directions to ensure that accurate measurements are obtained. Short term (carbon canister) and long term (alpha tract) test kits are available and relatively easy to use. Short term testing can provide preliminary results in just weeks. Long term testing is more accurate but may take months or up to a year to deliver results.
If radon is found in excessive concentrations, abatement methods and costs will vary as a result of construction type and location. The method employed for abatement will depend on the source of the gas and the means in which it is entering the house. The cost factor will depend on the number of sources, amount of gas entering the home, and the construction type. Normal costs of reduction may range from several hundred to several thousand dollars.
The extent of the contamination and necessary abatement procedures will determine whether the homeowner can rectify the problem or a qualified contractor is needed. Prior to `securing a contractor for assessment or abatement, consult your local, county, or state health department for recommendations of qualified radon reduction contractors.
For information concerning indoor air contamination by Radon Gas contact :
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Public Information Center
401M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
(800) SOS-RADON
http://www.epa.gov
National Safety Council
Environmental Health Center
1019 19th Street, N.W., Suite 401
Washington, D.C. 20036
(800) 55-RADON
http://www.nsc.org
Biological pollutants are byproducts of living organisms. They cause poor indoor air quality and contribute to illness and lost productivity. Biological pollutants can become suspended and circulated through indoor air and are most often undetectable by sight. Common indoor biological pollutants include animal dander, bacteria, viruses insect parts, sewer gas, pollen, molds, algae and fungi.
Health risks depend upon the type and amount of biological pollutants and the sensitivity of the individual person. Some people do not experience health reactions from certain biological pollutants, while others may experience allergic, infectious or toxic reactions. Common sources of biological pollutants in the home include dry plumbing traps (where water seals have evaporated); humidification and dehumidification equipment; poorly ventilated bathrooms and kitchens; refrigerator condensate drip pans; laundry rooms with unvented dryers; unventilated attic spaces; interior vent terminations; damp or dirty carpets and bedding; heating and air-conditioning systems; pets; and water-soaked building materials.
Nutrients, along with moisture and poor air circulation are major factors which contribute to biological growth and contamination. Every home should have proper attention to moisture control, general cleaning and dust reduction.
HOMEBUYERS
For more information concerning biological pollutants contact:
American Lung Association
1740 Broadway
New York, New York 10019-4374
Lead is a soft, bluish-white, and heavy metallic element found worldwide in soils. Recent research shows lead is a greater hazard at lower levels of concentration than previously thought. These findings, combined with more than 50 million tons of lead introduced into the North American environment over the last century, has led to widespread concern about contamination.
Lead poisoning is an immediate environmental health threat to children in the United States. Almost two million children have blood lead levels above safe limits.
Lead quickly accumulates in the blood, bones, nerves and soft tissues of the body. High concentrations of lead can cause death or permanent damage to the nervous system, brain, kidneys, and red blood cells. Even low levels of lead can cause high blood pressure in adults. Infants, children, pregnant women, and fetuses are more vulnerable to health risks associated with lead exposure than others because lead is more easily absorbed by growing bodies and the tissues are more sensitive to the effects of lead. The result is reduced intelligence and increased behavioral and health problems. Sources of lead in and around the home include drinking water, deteriorated paint, dust and soil.
LEAD IN DRINKING WATER
In 1986 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency banned further installation of lead-containing materials in public water supplies and in residences connected to public water supplies. In 1988 the U.S. Congress banned the use of lead based solder in plumbing applications within homes and buildings. However, many homes built prior to 1988 contain plumbing systems that use lead-based solder in pipe connections. In such systems, lead can enter drinking water as a corrosion byproduct when plumbing fixtures, pipes, and solder are corroded by drinking water. Concentration increases over time as lead dissolves into the water within the plumbing system. Under typical circumstances, lead levels in water at faucet taps can be far greater than those found in water at the treatment plant.
Visual inspection of pipe joints and solder lines is not an efficient nor accurate means of determining whether or not decaying solder is a source of lead A simple chemical test can determine whether the solder used in a home is lead containing or not Also, the majority of faucets and plumbing fixtures used today are made of leaded materials and contribute some lead to home water supplies.
LEAD IN PAINT, DUST AND URBAN SOILS
The manufacture of consumer lead-based paint was banned by the Federal government in 1978, but according to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development 75% of all housing built before 1980 possibly contain lead paint. EPA estimates indicate lead-based paint is present is approximately 14% of U.S. homes:
|
Build Date |
before 1940 |
1940-1960 |
1960-1980 |
|
Lead Paint (est) |
2/3 |
1/3 |
< 1/3 |
The health risk to children as a result of eating lead based paint chips has been known for years. However, the prevalence of exposure to leaded dusts and soil have been documented only recently. Airborne lead particles and fumes are introduced within a home when lead-based paint is scraped, sanded, or heated during normal usage or repainting. Exterior urban soils are often leaded due to weathering of exterior lead-based paint, leachate from exterior lead components, industrial sources and vehicle exhaust. Some urban surface soils are 10% leaded dust. Dust may be tracked into the home or conveyed by wind through open doors and windows. Once present in the home environment, lead particles are recirculated by normal household acitivites, leading to eventual inhalation or ingestion.
HOMEBUYERS
The Residential Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction Act of 1992 requires disclosure by sellers, provides buyers with opportunity to conduct risk assessment and/or paint inspection and regulates persons performing these services. Lead paint inspections are a surface-by-surface investigation to determine lead content. Certified paint inspectors can designate leaded surfaces, but are not allowed to conduct dust or water sampling, quantify hazards or recommend abatement. Certified risk assessors can conduct paint inspections, collect samples, quantify hazards and recommend methods to manage or abate the hazard.
Contact local, county, or state departments of health for references of qualified testing laboratories.
For information concerning Lead contact your local, county, or state health department, or:
National Lead Info Clearinghouse (800) 424-LEAD
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401M Street, S.W.
Washington, DC 20460
http://www.epa.gov
EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline (800) 426-4791
National Lead Info Center (800) LEAD-FYI
During recent years, awareness of the presence of electronic and magnetic field radiation within the home environment has garnered some concern. Electric and magnetic fields occur wherever electrical current flows or is generated. These fields are created by power lines, home wiring and appliances. Magnetic fields can pass through most objects without being significantly affected, while electric fields are affected by objects that conduct electricity.
After extensive scientific and epidemiological research, physiological effects of fields upon humans, if any, are unknown. Laboratory research indicates that fields can produce physiological changes, but any effect on health has not been established. Early epidemiological studies suggested an association between field exposure and certain cancers, but more detailed follow-up studies have not verified any association.
The typical home can partially shield electric fields generated from an exterior source. Research indicates that the typical house can shield about 90% of electric fields generated outdoors. If a house is adjacent to a power line, the field strength inside the house will be approximately 10% of that outside. At the interior of the home, electromagnetic fields are emitted by transformers, computers, televisions, appliances – anything powered by electricity. Field intensity drops dramatically over distance and disappears altogether when electrical components are not in use.
HOMEBUYERS
For information about potential health risks associated with Electromagnetic Radiation contact:
U.S. Department of Energy
1000 Independence Ave., S.W.
Washington, DC 20585
http://www.doe.gov
Electric Power Research Institute
3417 Hillview Ave.
Palo Alto, CA 94303
http://www.epri.com
Pesticides are used to control microorganisms, plants, insects, vermin and animals which are a nuisance, health hazard or structural pest. EPA regulations require all pesticides to undergo testing and that the product label must include the EPA registration number, target pest, active ingredients, instructions for proper application and use, precautionary statements, and Statement of Practical Treatment. It is imperative that applicators read and understand all information prior to purchase and use.
Many available pesticides can potentially cause adverse health effects, toxic poisoning, and death. Following the manufacturer's instructions for application will help to reduce contamination and health hazards while maintaining the desired effect of pest management. Extreme care should be taken when applying pesticides outdoors near water or water wells. If application of pesticides requires spraying, avoid down wind contamination of non-targets such as your neighbor and his possessions, vehicles, water sources, and nondestructive insects and animals.
At some time the homeowner may require the services of a commercial exterminating company. Request bids and references from at least three exterminating companies. Compare prices, check references and qualifying credentials, check the company's insurance coverage including workmen's compensation, terms of the treatment proposal and terms of the guarantee. Do not be afraid to ask as many questions as you like and be comfortable with the answers you receive before signing a contract.
IF YOU SUSPECT PESTICIDE POISONING
For general information concerning pesticides, contact:
National Pesticide Telecommunications Network 1-(800) 858-7378
For information regarding Pesticide Safety contact your local, county, or state health department, or:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Public Information Center
401M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
For information regarding Integrated Pest Management contact your state pest control board.
Swimming pools and spas can be great sources of relaxation and recreation, but when mixed with misuse, neglect or improper care can become deadly safety hazards. Unlike some home appliances, they require constant care and vigilance.
For information concerning Swimming Pool and Spa safety contact:
National Spa & Pool Institute
211 Eisenhower Ave.
Alexandria, VA 22314